Source: Science Direct
Citation: Matthieu Million, Yanis Roussel, Philippe Gautret, Didier Raoult; Effect of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin on SARS-CoV-2 clearance in COVID-19 patients, a meta-analysis.,
International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents,
Volume 57, Issue 1, 2021, 106240, ISSN 0924-8579,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106240.(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924857920304593)
Dear Editor,
We thank the authors of the commentary [1] on our article [2]. We are familiar with the study that these authors have published [3]. These authors conducted one of the first randomized trials on 30 patients, with 15 treated and 15 untreated patients, without finding any benefit in the hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) group.
As the authors themselves noted, co-medications with inhaled interferon alpha or arbidol may have played a role in mitigating the effect of HCQ. Many recent publications support the efficacy of treatment with inhaled interferon alpha in COVID [4], so aerosols may have been effective and the gain in adding HCQ negligible. Indeed, this is supported by the very good response of the control group.
Co-medications are widely used in Asian studies, notably in Chinese and Iranian ones, and are justified by the medical ethics to do the best possible for the patient, beyond strict methodological considerations. This attitude is diametrically opposed to most Western studies whose methodology is unethical, leaving patients with life-threatening viral disease untreated (placebo).
Moreover, the dosage and duration (patients in HCQ group were given HCQ 400 mg per day for 5 days [3]) were lower than in our protocol (600 mg per day for 10 days [2]), and this most likely explains a difference in the effect. The right dosage and duration of the right treatment to the right patient at the right time is the key to effective treatment.
In spite of this, there are many studies in the literature, such as that of Chen J et al. [3], with underdosing or toxic dosage, of too short duration, in patients with contraindications or administered too late after the onset of an irreversible deleterious process.
Here, we report an updated meta-analysis of studies using HCQ and their efficacy on viral clearance (Figure 1) (supplementary file 1). This meta-analysis includes the study of the authors of the commentary [3] which showed no particular obvious bias, with the exception of co-medications.
Overall, although significant heterogeneity was found (I2 = 78%, p < .05), the effect on viral clearance was significant (Odds ratio (OR) 0.61, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.40-0.93, p = 0.021). If we exclude the only study based on electronic medical files (“big data” study), the beneficial effect was even greater (OR 0.50, 95%CI 0.32-0.79, p = 0.0026).
Finally, and as mentioned by the authors of this commentary, we had from the beginning insisted on the need to combine AZ with HCQ in COVID-19 patients [2].
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Figure 1. Meta-analysis on chloroquine derivatives against SARS-CoV-2 viral shedding
CI: confidence interval, HCQ: hydroxychloroquine, CQ: chloroquine, AZ: Azithromycin, RCT: randomized controlled trial. This meta-analysis was performed with a random-effects model using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis v3 (Biostat, Englewood, NJ, USA). Studies without PCR confirmation and/or not mentioning the proportion of positive samples were excluded. Randomized controlled trials are labeled “RCT” (highlighted in yellow). *In this study, 226 patients were included but only 40 matched patients were included in the multivariate statistical analysis.
Contrary to the authors of the commentary, we do not believe that randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the right and definite answer. As shown by Concato et al. [5], RCTs more often show discordant and heterogeneous results than observational studies, and their summarized effects are not different from observational studies.
Even though hydroxychloroquine is not the only effective molecule against SARS-COV-2 infection, many studies, including RCTs and observational studies, confirmed its beneficial effect on virological clearance, and this is illustrated and demonstrated in the meta-analysis presented herein (Figure 1).
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Funding
No funding sources
Ethical approval
Not applicable
Appendix. Supplementary materials
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References
[1]Lin Yin, Lijun Zhang, Hongzhou LuCan we use hyrdoxychloroquine to treat COVID-19 now?Int J Antimicrob Agents (2021), Article 106173Google Scholar
[2]P. Gautret, J.C. Lagier, P. Parola, V.T. Hoang, L. Meddeb, M. Mailhe, et al.Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trialInt J Antimicrob Agents, 56 (1) (Jul 2020), Article 105949ArticleDownload PDFView Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar
[3]J. Chen, D. Liu, L. Liu, Q. Xu, L. Xia, Y. Ling, et al.A pilot study of hydroxychloroquine in treatment of patients with moderate COVID-19Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban, 49 (2) (2020), pp. 215-219View Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar
[4]Q. Zhou, V. Chen, C.P. Shannon, S.X. Wei, X. Xiang, X. Wang, et al.Interferon-α2b Treatment for COVID-19Front Immunol, 11 (2020), p. 1061Published 2020 May 15View Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar
[5]J. Concato, N. Shah, R.I. HorwitzRandomized, controlled trials, observational studies, and the hierarchy of research designsN Engl J Med, 342 (25) (2000), pp. 1887-1892View Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar
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